3 Rules of Architecture and How to Win the Big Prize

On the back of the Pritzker medallion are three words: Firmness, Commodity, and Delight. These rules of architecture define the prestigious Pritzker Architecture Prize, considered the highest honor that a living architect can attain. According to the Hyatt Foundation which administers the Prize, these three rules recall the principles set down by the ancient Roman architect Marcus Vitruvius Pollio: firmitas, utilitas, venustas. Vitruvius described the need for architecture to be well-built, useful by serving a purpose, and beautiful to look at. These are the same three principles that Pritzker juries apply to todays architects. Did You Know? The Pritzker, or Pritzker Architecture Prize, is an international award given each year to a living architect who, in the opinion of a select jury, has made profound achievements in the world of architecture. Laureates of the Pritzker Architecture Prize receive $100,000, a certificate, and a bronze medallion. The Pritzker Prize was established in 1979 by Jay A. Pritzker (1922-1999) and his wife Cindy Pritzker. The Pritzkers made a fortune by founding the Hyatt hotel chain. The Prize is funded through the familys Hyatt Foundation. Vitruvius famous multi-volume De Architectura, written around 10 B.C. explores the role of geometry in architecture and outlines the need to build all kinds of structures for all classes of people. Vitruvius rules are sometimes translated this way:   All these must be built with due reference to durability, convenience, and beauty. Durability will be assured when foundations are carried down to the solid ground and materials wisely and liberally selected; convenience, when the arrangement of the apartments is faultless and presents no hindrance to use, and when each class of building is assigned to its suitable and appropriate exposure; and beauty, when the appearance of the work is pleasing and in good taste, and when its members are in due proportion according to correct principles of symmetry. — De Architectura, Book I, Chapter III, Paragraph 2 Firmness, Commodity, and Delight Who would have guessed that in 2014 the most prestigious award in architecture would go to an architect who was not a celebrity—Shigeru Ban. The same thing happened in 2016 when Chilean architect Alejandro Aravena received the architecture prize. Could the Pritzker jury be telling us something about the three rules of architecture? Like the 2013 Pritzker Laureate, Toyo Ito, Ban has been an architect of healing, designing sustainable housing for Japans earthquake and tsunami victims. Ban also has circled the globe providing relief after natural disasters in Rwanda, Turkey, India, China, Italy, Haiti, and New Zealand. Aravena does the same in South America. The 2014 Pritzker Jury said of Ban that His sense of responsibility and positive action to create architecture of quality to serve societys needs, combined with his original approach to these humanitarian challenges, make this years winner an exemplary professional. Before Ban, Aravena, and Ito came the first Chinese recipient, Wang Shu, in 2012. At a time when Chinas cities were choking in over-urbanization, Shu continued to defy his countrys quick-build attitude of over-industrialization. Instead, Shu insisted that his countrys future could become modernized while tethered to its traditions. Using recycled materials, said the 2012 Pritzker Citation, he is able to send several messages on the careful use of resources and respect for tradition and context as well as give a frank appraisal of technology and the quality of construction today, particularly in China. By awarding architectures highest honor to these three men, what is the Pritzker jury trying to tell the world? How to Win a Pritzker Prize In choosing Ban, Ito, Aravena, and Shu, the Pritzker juries are reasserting old values for a new generation. The Tokyo-born Ban was only 56 years old when he won. Wang Shu and Alejandro Aravena were only 48. Certainly not household names, these architects have undertaken a variety of projects both commercial and noncommercial. Shu has been a scholar and teacher of historic preservation and renovation. Bans humanitarian projects include his ingenious use of common, recyclable materials, like cardboard paper tubes for columns, to quickly construct dignified shelters for victims of disasters. After the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake, Ban helped bring order to a devastated community by building the Hualin Elementary School from cardboard tubes. On a larger scale, Bans 2012 design for a cardboard cathedral gave a New Zealand community a beautiful temporary structure expected to last 50 years while the community rebuilds its cathedral, decimated by the 2011 Christchurch earthquake. Ban sees the beauty of carboard concrete tube forms; he also started the trend for reusing shipping containers as residential properties. Being named a Pritzker Architecture Prize Laureate establishes these men in history as some of the most influential architects of modern times. Like many middle-aged architects, their careers are just beginning. Architecture is not a get rich quick pursuit, and for many the riches never materialize. The Pritzker Architecture Prize seems to be recognizing the architect who isnt seeking celebrity, but who follows ancient tradition — the architects duty, as defined by Vitruvius — to create architecture of quality to serve societys needs. Thats how to win a Pritzker Prize in the 21st century. Sources Commodity and Delight by Andrew Ryan Gleeson, The Lying Truth (blog), July 8, 2010, https://thelyingtruthofarchitecture.wordpress.com/2010/07/08/commodity-and-delight/Jury Citation, Shigeru Ban, 2014, The Hyatt Foundation, http://www.pritzkerprize.com/2014/jury-citation [accessed August 2, 2014]Jury Citation, Wang Shu, 2012, The Hyatt Foundation, http://www.pritzkerprize.com/2012/jury-citation[accessed August 2, 2014]Ceremony and Medal, The Hyatt Foundation at http://www.pritzkerprize.com/about/ceremony [accessed August 2, 2014]The Ten Books on Architecture by Marcus Vitruvius Pollio, translated by Morris Hicky Morgan, Harvard University Press, 1914, http://www.gutenberg.org/files/20239/20239-h/29239-h.htm [accessed August 2, 2014]FAQ, Hyatt Foundation,  https://www.pritzkerprize.com/FAQ  [accessed February 15, 2018]Pritzker medalion image courtesy of the Hyatt Foundation

Essay on Two Part of the United States Reconstruction Era

In the United States’ history, the Reconstruction Era had two senses. From 1865 to 1877 was the first, which involved the post Civil War action. The second sense, focused on the transformation of the Southern United States from 1863 to 1877 with the Congress directing the issue of reconstruction of state and society (â€Å"Reconstruction Era†). Frederick Jackson Turner argued that the frontier was the chief determinant in American history (â€Å"Frederick Jackson Turner†). Both the Reconstruction impact and Frederick Jackson Turner’s thesis play a role in the environment during the Economic Revolution. Reconstruction took placed in the South from 1865 to 1880. It impacted the United States’ history by holding the South back economically behind the†¦show more content†¦Reconstruction had achieved much despite its obvious weaknesses. Schools that were built to provide education for both blacks and poor whites, the roads constructed, the protection given to life, an property were all indeed major achievements of the government (Pink Monkey). Frederick Jackson Turner had a thesis that also provided the environment for the Economic Revolution. He thesis accounted for why the people of America and the American government were so divergent from their European equivalents. There were many people that believed that the frontier’s end symbolized the start of a new stage in American life. These people also believed that America must expand over seas. There were others that had views of this exposition as the drive for a â€Å"new wave in the history of Untied States imperialism† (Frontier Thesis). A man named William Appleman Williams, who led the â€Å"Wisconsin School† of diplomatic historians, argued that the frontier thesis encouraged American expansion overseas. Williams had viewed Turner’s frontier thesis as a way to influence action against totalitarianism, advocate democracy through both of the world wars, and affirm the spending on foreign aid. However, Frederick Jackson Turner’s thesis, in comparison to Theodore Roosevelt’s work, The Winning of the West, a greater emphasis was placed not on territorial subjugation, but on the evolution of American republicanism (Frontier Thesis). Hispanics and Native Americans wanted to focus endowment onShow MoreRelatedThe Reconstruction Era And The Jim Crow Era1525 Words   |  7 PagesThe Reconstruction Era and The Jim Crow Era were both times of Rapid growth in the United States that were characterized by changes not only on the intrapersonal level, but also on the cultural and legislative level. The Reconstruction Era occurred directly after the civil war and spanned twelve years from 1865 to 1877 , while the Jim Crow Era occurred from 1877 to 1954. 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This time period generally refers to the time in United States history in which the federal government set the conditions that would allow the rebellious Southern states back into the Union. The States were divided into the Union (North) and Confederacy (South). The Division of Nation It was in 1860 when the United states was dividedRead MoreThe End Of The 20th Century1544 Words   |  7 Pagesurbanization, equal rights for all citizens, and two world wars played a major role in the shape of America to our understanding. Although, there are numerous events that have shaped the country since the end of slavery throughout the United States, there are several that are viewed as signs of great change, such as the Reconstruction Era, the Industrialization Era, World War I and World War II, the Great Depression Era, and the Civil Rights Movement Era. Though, these descriptions only scratch the surfaceRead More Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. 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Named in reference to the original Reconstruction era which succeeded the Civil War and the abolition of slavery in the South, the Second Reconstruction was akin toRead MoreReconstruction Of The Reconstruction Era1587 Words   |  7 PagesThe Reconstruction Era was known as a time to reconstruct the United States of America by the expansion of governmental power that began in 1865. â€Å"There were two central problems that animated Reconstruction; providing justice for freedmen and facilitating national reconciliation. (A New Birth of Freedom, pg. 1) After the 12 year span, reconstructing the nation succeeded in only a few of the goals that were set out to achieve within those 1 2 years that it was in progress. The Reconstruction’s intentionsRead MoreThe Keith s Book The Colfax Massacre1479 Words   |  6 Pagesbook, The Colfax Massacre, tells the history of events that is described as, the most deadly crime of racial violence of the Reconstruction era. 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Case Study Wheelworks Free Essays

Running head: Case Study: Wheelworks Case Study: Wheelworks Principle of Management After analyzing Wheelworks’ compensation and benefits structure, I have found that this organization meets every need demanded by its employees and motivates them in every level. When it comes to needs and motivations, there are two commonly used theories that explain each step. One of the most commonly used theories to explain the levels of needs and motivators is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. We will write a custom essay sample on Case Study: Wheelworks or any similar topic only for you Order Now The other commonly used theory when explaining levels of needs and motivations is Herzberg’s Two  Factor Theory. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Starting at the bottom with physiological needs and moving upwards to safety, love/belongings, esteem, and eventually reaching self-actualization, Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is often shown as a five level pyramid. Wheelworks meet its employee’s first need, Physiological needs, just by paying them a salary. When Wheelworks pays its employees, it allows each employee to buy food, water, and pay for a shelter and clothing to maintain a constant body temperature. This first need on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is essential and without it, humans would not be able to survive. Wheelworks meet Maslow second need, safety, by providing its employees with benefits such as health insurance, bonuses, and 401k plans. Because of the plans that Wheelworks offer its employees, areas such as financial security and health and well being are covered. Love and belongings, the third level of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, is also covered by Wheelworks. Humans need to feel that they belong and are loved. Due to the positive atmosphere that Wheelworks offers, its employees feel loved and like they belong to the group. Due to this, Wheelworks also meets Maslow’s third need. The forth level of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is esteem. Wheelworks also cover this level by recognizing its employees for its qualities. By recognizing each of its employee’s qualities, Wheelworks helps them build a stronger self-esteem and self-respect, covering the forth Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. The fifth nd last level of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is self-actualization. This level of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs has been already reached by Wheelworks employees because of their love for the sport of cycling. Many of Wheelworks employees are highly educated and have better opportunities in other companies, but their love for cycling keeps them working at Wheelworks helping them reach Maslow’s need of self- actualization. Herzberg’s Two  Factor Theory U nlike Maslow’s five level hierarchy of needs, Herzberg’s theory has only focuses in two factors. Herzberg believed that there is a two-step approach to understanding employee motivation and satisfaction. These two steps are the hygiene factors and the motivator factors. Hygiene factors consist of the need to for a business to avoid unpleasantness at work. † If these factors are considered inadequate by employees, then they can cause dissatisfaction with work  Ã¢â‚¬Å"(tutor2u. net). Wheelworks meet the hygiene factor by providing a good salary, pleasant work environment, and health and 401k plans. These factors are not taken in account when one measures satisfaction, but the absence of these will cause dissatisfaction. The motivator factor is based on an individual’s need for personal growth. Wheelworks meet this factor by recognizing its employee’s qualities, challenging them, and giving them responsibilities. By doing this, Wheelworks employees stay motivated achieving above-average performance and effort. Number One Motivator Having a passion for the sport of cycling has become Wheelworks’ employees’ number one motivator. Many times, one would think that salary, health benefits, and good working conditions would rank high when it comes to job motivation, but without love of the work itself, all of these benefits would not be enough to motivate one’s employees. The main reason Wheelworks’ employees perform above-average and put an extra effort to do the job better is because their love for the sport of cycling. As long as Wheelworks provide its employees with the hygiene and motivator factors, its employees will stay motivated. Financial Rewards Even though that passion for the sport of cycling has become Wheelworks’ employees’ number one motivator, financial rewards also helps motivate them. One of the many ways that Wheelworks motivates its employees financially is by paying them the highest possible wage. By doing this, Wheelworks makes sure that its employees are well paid motivating them to stay within the company. Another method that Wheelworks uses to financially reward its employees is by offering vacation and sick pay, 401k, profit chairing, and health plan. By offering these benefits, Wheelworks ensures that its employees feel well taken care of resulting in a motivated staff. The last financial reward that Wheelworks uses to motivate its employees is giving them seasonal bonuses. Each bonus is subject to how good the company does during the season. Due to this, each employee is motivated to improve its performance which will eventually result in a bigger bonus. Commission One of the best strategies that Wheelworks has used to motivate its sale persons, but yet, maintain a superior customer services is giving seasonal bonuses instead of commission. Due to this strategy, Wheelworks customers receives a superior customer crevice and do not feel pressured to buy an expensive bike. This strategy also improves team work instead of having a constant competition among team members. Even though this strategy has worked greatly for Wheelworks, it could be improved. One way Wheelworks could improve its number of units sold is by giving a reward to the person that averages more units sold per hour in a week. For example, the person that averages the most units sold per week could choose one day to leave early and get paid for the whole day. Rewards like this one could significantly increase the number of units sold increasing the yearly revenue of Wheelworks. Works Cited (n. d. ). Retrieved April 10, 2010, from tutor2u. net: http://tutor2u. net/business/people/motivation_theory_herzberg. asp Janet A. Simons, D. B. (1987). Retrieved April 10, 2010, from honolulu. hawaii. edu: http://honolulu. hawaii. edu/intranet/committees/FacDevCom/guidebk/teachtip/maslow. htm W. Griffin, R. (2007). Management. Houghton Mifflin. Wheelworks_part1. (n. d. ). Retrieved April 10, 2010, from How to cite Case Study: Wheelworks, Free Case study samples

Same Sex Marriage free essay sample

Position Paper: Same-sex Marriage Adam and Steve Chorva. Tarush. Anetch. Imbey. Sounds familiar? Well, if you have Filipino gay friends you would be. The Filipino gay lingo or the swardspeak is made up of English, Tagalog, Japanese, Spanish, and even celebrity names that were tweaked to create a new word with a new meaning. In the country, there are two types of gays, the effeminate and the straight acting gays. The effeminate are those who cross-dress, wears make-up and are feminine in their ways thus the name effeminate. The other one is the straight acting gays, these are those choose to look manly even with their sexual preference. This type of gays even goes to the gym to have muscular bodies. On the other hand, for the lesbians, they are called â€Å"butch† and pink lesbians. The butch are those manly lesbians, they sport men’s haircut and they are also cross-dressers. We will write a custom essay sample on Same Sex Marriage or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page While the pink lesbians are like the straight gays, they choose and prefer to look feminine despite their sexual preference. In addition to the gays and lesbians, there are also the transgender and transsexual. In the Filipino language, there is what we call â€Å"paglaladlad ng kapa† or unfurling of the cape in English. This is the phase wherein a person displays and publicly shows his sexual preference. Biblically speaking, God made Adam and Eve to be together to multiply and create children. Today, what if it is no longer just Adam and Eve only anymore? Same sex union has been a source of debate all over the world for the past years. Sadly there is a growing stigma in this debate against gay marriage here in the Philippines, the country as being the only Catholic country in Asia and a third world country at that. Clearly this topic has been one of the most complicated and sensitive topic in the country without a hope of a clear end in sight. Same-sex union borders the line of religion, law, and social ethics. There are several reasons as to why this marriage could not be legalized yet. Top reasons are as follow: * Immorality â€Å"For this reason a man shall leave his father and mother and be joined to his wife, and the two shall become one flesh. So then, they are no longer two but one flesh. Therefore what God has joined together, let not man separate. – Mathew 19:5 6 (NKJV) The above passage was from the Bible clearly states that marriage is for a man and a woman only. Whenever the Bible mentions marriage, it is between a male and a female. The first mention of marriage,  Genesis 2:24, describes it as a man leaving his parents and being united to his wife. In passages that contain instructions regarding marriage, such as  1 Corinthians 7:2-16  and  Ephesians 5:23-33, the B ible clearly identifies marriage as being between a man and a woman. Biblically speaking, marriage is the lifetime union of a man n nand a woman, primarily for the purpose of building a family and providing a stable environment for that family. * Procreation and family Gay marriage causes the whole concept of family values to be undermined by defeating the essence of marriage, which is between a man and a woman with the purpose of procreation. The rationale of marriage, in its greater sense is to procreate. With this, extending marriage to same sex union not only defeats its purpose but also shifts further the objective of marriage from producing children to legal gratification. Legalizing gay marriage further demoralizes the family values, which hold society together, and it encourages a gay lifestyle, which has been shown to be detrimental to people. Additionally, gay marriages confuse gender roles for children. It has always been the standard structure of a â€Å"normal† family to have a mother, who is biologically female, and a father, who is biologically male. Having parents of the same-sex causes confusion even if they were married. However, if marriage were about reproduction, then infertile couples should not be allowed to marry. Ability or desire to create offspring has never been a qualification for marriage. And it should never be. If we are going to narrow the definition of marriage to being intended for this purpose, we should apply the principal to our population as a whole, not single out one group of people. * Being gay is a disease that can be cured Can anybody call in sick because he is still queer? No. Simply because queerness is not a disease nor is it just a phase. Being homosexual or gay is not a choice as much as being a heterosexual or straight is not a choice. Sexual preference is not a conscious decision people make, it just evolved. People are born differently from each other, and being different is not synonymous to being wrong. There is perfectly nothing wrong with being gay. One is born with this. Just like being blonde, tall, or cross-eyed. We do not hold being gay against them, and more importantly it is not a disease that one can be cured of. Homosexuality is a normal part of nature and may well occur through biological factors, rather than any sort of lifestyle choice. Allowing gay marriage would not cause harm to either individuals, or society generally. Second-Class Citizens Gays around the world were treated like second-class citizens, without the same rights, without belongingness to neither of the two sexes. They were mistreated, trash-talked, and discriminated in ways more than one. Through the legalization of same-sex marriage, they won’t feel like second-class citizens anymore. They would enjoy the same legal rights as with the heterosexual couples. Why legalize this union, let me ask you, why not? Below are my top three reasons why we should legalize this union: * Marriage is a civil right We are all well aware of the voice of the Church in the issues in the Philippine society. And let’s admit it, their voice is pretty loud. The Church strongly condemns same-sex relationships and its union. However, let us not forget that marriage is not a religious right, it is also a civil right. Gay people should have the same rights as anyone else and that includes the right to get married. Gay couples should be allowed to have the same financial and legal benefits that any other couples get. If two people love each other, they should be allowed to marry, whatever their genders. Matters such as tax filling, joint ownership of property, insurance benefits, critical medical decisions were privileges gay couples could not enjoy. It is clearly unfair and unjust for gay couples to not have these rights only because their country doesn’t honor their union. Nothing is asked by the LGBT community but equality when it comes to legal rights. * Equality Equality in this issue taps two major points. First is that gay couples has the same equal competency to rear children as their own. Being gay is not a handicap to raise a family. There is no scientific basis for the assertion that lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender persons are not fit to marry or to become parents of healthy and well-adjusted children (Herek, 2006; Kurdek, 2004; Peplau Fingerhut, 2007). Homosexual discrimination has been a vicious pattern. Legalizing same-sex marriage is giving the right of marriage to both heterosexual and homosexual unions and having them treated as equals in the eyes of the law. Majority rules, but the minority should be protected. Love Why could Britney Spears get married and get divorced after two days, yet a gay couple could not get married after being together for 10 years?

Self Image Self Esteem free essay sample

Wrww. imis. ac. in Study Note @ Consumer Behavior Do advertisements influence our self image and our self esteem? Some critics accuse marketers of systematically creating anxiety, promoting envy, and fostering feelings of inadequacy and insecurity to sell us their products. Marketers respond that advertising does nothing more than mirror societys values, alerts people to new products and bargains, or motivate people to switch brands. At the very worst, they say, it bores or annoys. Of course, some ads provide information useful to consumers. And advertising clearly plays a alid role in an economy based on a system of free enterprise. The question is not whether advertising is valid; clearly, it is. The concern discussed here is the relationship between the images presented in ads and our sense of self. Can ads influence what we perceive as valid roles for ourselves in our society? And can our self-image and self-esteem be influenced by advertising? What are the images that ads present? Everywhere we turn, advertisements tell us what it means to be a desirable man or woman. We will write a custom essay sample on Self Image Self Esteem or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Ads paint limited images of what men and women can be. Because ads are everywhere in our society, these limited images sink into our conscious and unconscious minds. In this way, ads help limit our understanding of our worth and our full potential. Ads tend to present women in limited roles. Girls and women in ads show concern about their bodies, their clothes, their homes, and the need to attract a boy or man. Seldom are women shown in work settings, business roles, or positions of responsibility and authority. Our society recognizes many valid roles for women, but this isnt always reflected in ads. Also, the girls and omen in ads are presented as beautiful. But ads offer a very limited, narrow image of beauty. The advertising industry favors models with facial features that look Anglo, even if the model is Black or Hispanic. Ads also present a very thin body type as though it were the most common or most desirable body type. Researchers have found that girls and women who work as models weigh 23% less than the average female their age. And the hips of an average department store mannequin measure six inches less than that of the average young woman. Girls, women, boys, and men eeing these commercial images may be influenced to think of an ultra-thin female body as more normal or desirable than one of average weight. The extreme preoccupation with weight fostered by advertising images is reflected in the fact that 80% of 10year-old girls report having dieted and that eight million American women suffer from anorexia or bulimia, two potentially life-threatening eating disorders. In reality, many different kinds of facial features and body types are beautiful. Besides, the flawless appearance of women in ads isnt even real. Its an illusion created by akeup artists, photographers. Each image is carefully worked over. Blemishes, wrinkles, and stray hairs are Page Prof. Suvendu Kr. Pratihari wrww. imis. ac. in airbrushed away. Teeth and eyeballs are bleached white. In some cases, the picture you see is actually made of several photos. The face of one model may be combined with the body of a second model and the legs of a third. So many of the pictures we see are artificial, manufactured images. What happens when a girl or woman compares her real self with this narrow, unreal image of perfection? She may feel unattractive. When her self-image suffers, often her self-esteem is damaged too. She then looks for ways to improve her image and self-esteem. Ads also present an image of the ideal male. Although ads targeting boys and men do not present as narrow an imaginary physical ideal as do ads targeting girls and women, they still present a very limited view of masculinity. For girls and women, body image is emphasized in most ads. For boys and men, the image emphasized is an image of attitude. Boys and young men in ads typically play the part of someone who is cool and confident, independent, even a rebel. Men in ads tend to have an aura of power, physical strength, confidence, dominance, and detachment. The implied message for the viewer is that this is the way to be cool; this is the way a young man should act. The male image shown in ads almost never includes such traits as sensitivity, vulnerability, or compassion. This may discourage boys and men from displaying these natural and desirable human traits. Ads may thus limit a boy or mans sense of what he can or should be. The actors in ads tend to be handsome, with clear complexions and hair that is perfectly combed or perfectly windblown. They are also almost always athletic. Physical or even sexual prowess is suggested in scenes of physically challenging, dangerous, or aggressive sports. The self-image of boys and men who do not exhibit these traits for example, who have normal complexions, are not athletic, and dont feel cool and confident may suffer when they watch these ads. Negative feelings about oneself, whether related to appearance or anything else, can be followed by lower self-esteem. Ads offer to sell a new self-image. Of course, the ads that injure our self-image and self-esteem dont stop there. They conveniently ffer to sell a product that will solve our newly imagined problem. Consider this quote from Nancy Shalek, president of an advertising agency: Advertising at its best is making people feel that without their product, youre a loser. Kids are very sensitive to that. If you tell them to buy something, they are resistant. But if you tell them theyll be a dork if they dont, youve got their attention. You open up emotional vulnerabilities and its very easy to do with kids because theyre the most emotionally vulnerable. Another person involved in marketing, Charles Kettering, said that elling new products is about the organized creation of dissatisfaction. Many commonly accepted ideas about appearance for example, that skin should be blemish free and teeth bright white are not absolute truths. These expectations were artificially created wrww. imis. ac. in over a period of years by those who wanted to sell certain kinds of products and promoted the idea that we needed t hose products if our physical appearance was to be acceptable. Lets take a closer look at this emphasis on appearance. Ads tend to convey the idea that appearance is all-important. They teach us to be self-conscious about how we look. When we grow up surrounded by ads, intense self-scrutiny may seem normal. Of course, all cultures have their own ideas about the traits that make a boy or man and a girl or woman attractive. Often these ideas are very, very different than our own. Rather, it is the level of concern with physical appearance that makes modern Americans unique. The intense concern with appearance that is so common in our culture has not been the norm in most cultures. It is an artificial concern that we have acquired from living immersed n a society dominated by commercialism. In summary, there are 4 types of self Image: 1 . Actual Self Image or real self image-How Consumers in-fact see themselves. 2. Ideal Self Image-How Consumers would like to see themselves 3. Social Self Image or Reflected Self-image or Looking Glass Self Image-How consumers feel others see them. In much case, peoples actions are determined by a somewhat definite imagination of how they appear to other people: the peoples image of themselves is determined by their ideas about what other people think of them. For example, if a erson cannot spell correctly, he might refuse to write and seriously hurt his chances to succeed; or he might study spelling a great deal and improve his chances for a success. If he has bad breath, he might refuse to talk or breathe around other people or he might use mouthwash, stop smoking, or not eat certain foods. Until he either imagines that someone objects to these flaws (or until someone tells him) he is likely to continue to act in what he feels to be an acceptable manner. The Looking Glass Self normally helps the individual to become more successful, better liked person. If, however, constant fear about other peoples opinions prevents him from achieving self-confidence, he may choose to become a social outcast. (The Logic behind the name looking glass self image: As we see our face, fgure, and dress in a mirror and are interested in them because they are ours, and pleased or otherwise with them depending on whether they are what we want them to be: so in imagination we see in someone elses mind some thought of our appearance, manners, aims, deeds, character, friends, and so on, and are affected by it. ) 4. Ideal Social Self Image-How consumers would like others to see them. It also seems useful to think in terms of two other types of self image. i. e. Page 3 wrww. imis. ac. in 5. Expected Self- how consumers expect to see themselves at some specified future time. It happens somewhere in between actual and ideal self image. consists of traits or characteristics that an individual believes it is his or her duty or obligation to possess. E. g. striving to achieve a deeper religious understanding or the seeking of a fair or Just solution to a challenging ethical problem. 4

Trifles And The Story Of An Hour Paper (i Will Attach Files) Essay

Trifles And The Story Of An Hour Paper (i Will Attach Files) Essay Trifles And The Story Of An Hour Paper (i Will Attach Files) – Essay Example â€Å"Trifles† and â€Å"The Story of an hour† Is anyone unaware of the predominant male chauvinism and the predicament and oppression experienced by women before the emergence of socialist thinkers who were committed to liberating women? An analysis of Louise mallard a major character in â€Å"The Story of an Hour† by Kate Chopin, and Mrs. Wright, a minor character in Susan Glaspell’s â€Å"Trifles†, portray the kind of oppression that women underwent prior to the 1920s. This paper shall candidly analyze and compare the actions of the two ladies in reference to their lives, their relationships to their husbands, and to the society in which they live with an objective of demonstrating how both women were victims as well as victors and their relevance to todays women. Mrs. Mallard and Mrs. Wright lived in a world where life seemed tedious and a collection of quandaries. Mrs. Mallard had a critical heart trouble that deprived her of happiness and asso ciation with the outside world. â€Å"Mrs. Mallard was afflicted with a heart trouble†¦. She did not hear the story as many women †¦.† (Chopin 16). Likewise, Mrs. Wright used to sing when she was a lass but her life was now terrible and only a bird could give her happiness. Mrs. Mallard and Mrs. Wright had strangled relationships with their husbands. After receiving the shocking news of her husband’s death, Mrs. Mallard masquerades to be grieving but in reality she is fantasizing about the good life that she will live now that her husband is dead. She feels that she has been freed from the shackles of subjugation. â€Å"Free! Body and soul free!† (Chopin 16). Equally, Mrs. Wright seems to live an oppressed life under the dominance of her husband. She gets excited after her husband’s death and acts in a way that suggests she might have exterminated her husband’s life. Both women were shunned by the society as they were perceived to be acti ng against the norms. They were rarely visited and other women did not cooperate with them. They lived in a disaffected world where repression was tolerated and any actions aimed at challenging male supremacy were deemed belligerent. Somewhat, both women are victims and equally victors. Mrs. Wright is under probation after being suspected of killing her husband. On the other hand, Mrs. Mallard surrenders to heart attack after the realization that her husband was alive. However, Mrs. Wright becomes a victor by managing to terminate the life of a man who oppressed her while Mrs. Mallard surrenders her life to call for humanitarian agencies to intervene and stop the oppression that women were undergoing. Evidently, the women spearheaded what is currently known as ‘women emancipation’ aimed at upholding women’s right and call for equality in a fairly just world. They contributed to psychological and moralistic improvement in women. Work CitedChopin, Kate. Kate Chopin s "the Story of an Hour". Patterson, N.Y N.p., 1982. Print.

Law - Affirmative Action Policies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Law - Affirmative Action Policies - Essay Example iduals with no consideration of race, sex, color, national origin, religious creed, ancestry, marital status, mental disability, sexual orientation, age, physical disability or learning disability (Schmidt, 2008). Therefore, organizations will not demand for genetic information from its employees or job applicants. The demand for such information leads to discrimination against the person on the foundation of hereditary information in an employment situation (Schmidt, 2008). Furthermore, anyone with a previous criminal conviction will not be discriminated or aligned with the crime in employment conditions. It is therefore, the goal and purpose of action policies to ensure equal opportunities to all. Organizational policies, which entail employment applications, job specifications, job structuring, job qualifications, recruitment practices, counseling, grievances procedures, layoffs and terminations should be undertaken without discrimination of any form (Sander, 2004). In order to ensure that there is no discrimination; affirmative action policies will help monitor the whole process. The hiring difficulties that are experienced by the older persons and those who are physically disabled are recognized by these policies through establishment of a plan of action that eliminates employment obstacles and actively recruit members from the discriminated minority group (Sander, 2004). This is aimed at protecting such group of persons and achieving their full participation in the workplace and therefore, such policies are still needed. Affirmative action policies give favored treatments to the minorities in the society and should be retained because of the desirability of diversity in the society (Sander, 2004). Such diversity will be completely lost if it is left to probability. Through these policies, the disadvantaged in the society will get a boost and thus be able to stand on their own. Furthermore, affirmative action policies represent people at areas of learning

Clonal integration in Panicum trugidum ecotype under various Research Proposal

Clonal integration in Panicum trugidum ecotype under various environmental condition - Research Proposal Example Thus, it transpires that clonal integration of perennial plants equips them with capabilities of high resistance to various environmental phenomenons. Panicum Turgidum is a perennial grass found in the â€Å"Egyptian desert,† which â€Å"meets all the criteria for a multipurpose plant† that has the potential for being used in the rehabilitation of degraded ecosystems (Heneidy & Waseem, 2007, p.161). Thus, clonal integration of this species will enable humans to address a variety of ecological problems. Introductory Background: Wind erosion is the process of sand being carried away by wind and being deposited in different parts of a region and it is a major phenomenon in the â€Å"natural environment of Australia today† that determines the features of its landscape (Leys, McTanish and Shao, 2001, p.940). It is also a major feature of the natural environment occurring in other parts of the world and as it causes land degradation, it has far reaching consequences on plant life, agriculture and ecological balance of the region. Similarly, the US Department of Agriculture also recognises soil blowing due to winds as a significant problem and endorses that â€Å"orientation of the vegetation† in specific areas, coupled with other factors, plays a crucial role in determining the scale and magnitude of this phenomenon (Skidmore & Woodruff, 1968, p.1). Therefore, a logical assumption exists that the type of vegetation being grown in a region and its attributes in resisting soil erosion can have considerable influence in preventing the negative consequences of the problem. From research evidences discussed in the foregoing sections as well as the literature review presented in the forthcoming section, it has emerged that clonal integration facilitates better resistance in plants against wind erosion, flooding and other such adverse conditions. Therefore, exploring different possibilities in clonal integration of the perennial plant Panicum Tur gidum, which is believed to possess all the traits for multipurpose vegetation that can be used for rehabilitating degenerated land, can be advantageous to the cause of protecting the ecological balance. Literature Review: A reiteration of ramets, comprising â€Å"shoots, rhizomes, or stolons, and roots,† characterise clonal plants and they have the ability to share resources through rhizomes or stolons, which play a crucial role in regulating their shoot growth (Wolfer & Straile, 2012, p.261). In this context, evidence suggests that the â€Å"degree and duration of wind erosion† differs in various regions and even a moderate amount of erosion can affect the growth and survival of ramets, which can be countered to a great extent by clonal integration (Yu et al, 2008, p.571). To substantiate this, the researchers have carried out the study near to the Ordos Sandland Ecological Research Station in China and the results suggest that â€Å"erosion† as well as  "severing† of rhizome has a negative impact on the number of ramets and it may entail a decrease in the number of ramets, leaves or biomass of the plants (p.575). The study further substantiates the

The Effect of Excessive Alcohol Consumption Research Paper

The Effect of Excessive Alcohol Consumption - Research Paper Example The researcher states that excessive alcoholism verses performance among college and university students literature contains results of many research projects that were contacted over a period of time. It is evident that the total number of such publications is quite overwhelming, although this does not mean that all the pertinent publication were reviewed, though none of those that were applicable and useful to this work were excluded intentionally. Difficulties that were encountered in review of literature are an attempt to develop the relationship between the two parameters. Initially there has been an attempt to quantify the existing relationship between the heavy alcohol consumption and life frustrations, as well as cigarette smoking and alcoholism by a wide range of researchers. According to AKsir & Charles; Boston Coalition; Baer; Core Institute, showed that based on the DSM-IV-TR, the addiction to alcohol is characterized by various behavioral, psychological and physiological elements. The commonality of these studies is that alcohol is characterized by incidences of recurrent alcohol intake, which is accompanied by the failure to fulfil roles and responsibilities, such as domestic and job responsibilities. Secondly, this study showed that addiction is characterized by increased use of alcohol in the situations that are considered to be physically hazardous, for instance, driving under the influence of alcohol. In other independent studies Babo, Borsari and Carey found that alcohol abuse is also characterized by the increased encounters with legal problems. This study, as well showed that alcohol abuse is also characterized by the continued alcohol abuse, even when victims are aware of the inherent problems such as domestic squabbles that they cause. In yet another study, Bailey, Fiore, and Cohen carried out a research on co morbidity and noted that alcohol abuse is associated with adverse health risks and social consequences relating to the alcohol int oxication, dependency characteristics, as well as its toxicity. Reporting on the treatment of Alcohol abuse, among college students, APA.

Procurement Routes in Construction

Procurement Routes in Construction The main purpose of this report is to evaluate key procurement issues that the client has to consider in selecting an appropriate procurement route for the rapid reconstruct of three hotel building project. We have analysed four kinds of procurement routes such as traditional procurement route, design and build procurement route, management contracting procurement route and construction management procurement route. After the analysis, we have chosen a most suitable method to meet our objective, in terms of cost certainty, construction within the planned period and quality of the building. Also, creating a sparkling and luring environment for hotel guests in the near future. We too have considered the economic benefits as such if the hotel re-opened on time within the budgeted cost, we can also recover the investment costs as soon as possible. Therefore we have recommended the design and build procurement route for this project. Introduction In construction industry, many factors cause the results of the project. The right procurement route is one of the factors to achieve project successfully. In order to select best procurement route, we need to analyse clients background, objective, project requirements, technical complexity of the project, construction risk (cost, time and design/quality) and etc. Analysis Client Background Cinnamon Grand is a privately owned large hotel chain in the UK. They offer comfortable accommodation across the UK and are committed to preserving their rich heritage. They are very passionate about the outlook of their hotel buildings and they are experienced at renovation of buildings. But they have lack of in-house executive who is either experienced enough or enable to devote sufficient time in advising the reconstruction of their properties. Project Requirements As the hotel has planned to reopen on the 1st April 2015, we have started planning for the project on August 2012 and construction will be started on 1st March 2014. Lastly, the hotel will be handed over to the owner latest by 28th February 2015. Reconstruct in two phases Phase 1 Rapid reconstruction for the main areas of the hotels such as swimming pools, roofs, restaurant and guest rooms, which allows the hotel to be re-opened for business within a period of 12 months (from 1st March 2014 to 28th February 2015). Phase 2 Newly construction of some facilities such as health and fitness centre, conference and meeting, rooms dance studios. High technology multimedia facilities with air conditioning shall also be provided for conference and meeting rooms. During construction, good service will also be provided to hotel guests. Quality of the buildings is also important. The new constructed hotel must create sparkling and luring environment that can be enjoyed by all hotel guests. It has to match the existing hotel or even better which allows the former magnificent look to be brought back. Design requirements Design quality should at least match the existing hotel or even better. The tender document submitted by the tender contractor should include scope of works, construction methods, programming, management methods, availability of resources and costing. The material application will submit through template or sample and requires strict inspection and approval by client. Contractors typical design proposals require approval by client, due to client experienced in the renovation of buildings. Client requires retaining the ancient architectural style- rich heritage for the external features of the hotel Using green materials in order to lower impact to the environment. For example: using green roof. Demolitions works will minimize the damage to the building when using suitable method. Maintenance proposals should be done during the preparation time (from August 2012 to 1st March 2014). Good construction planning and planning should include safety, environmental and health issues and solution. Especially during the phase 2 constructions, the normal business of the hotel will not be affected by the construction. Hotel guests will also not be subjected to the influence of the construction. Client Objectives To complete project within the budget of  £120 million by choosing the best possible procurement route. To complete the building within the planned schedule. To enhance the quality of building and facilities provided, creating a sparkling and luring environment after renovation of the building During phase 2 constructions, good service must be provided to the customer. Analysis of the Procurement Route There are three generally accepted standard approaches to construction procurement in the UK construction industry: traditional procurement; design and build procurement and management procurement (management contracting and construction management). Different procurement route has different approach. Hence, we will analysis the traditional procurement, design and build procurement, construction management and management contracting. 3.4.1 Analysis of traditional procurement route The clients consultants will complete fully the design before contractors tender. Then the tender will be usually awarded to the contractor with the lowest price. Advantages Good design quality due to design completed by clients consultants. Client will choose the lowest tender price as contractors will tender based on the same information given. Procedures well known by both party Disadvantages Long preparation time, due to design fully completed by clients consultants before tender. Construction will only start on site upon the completion of the design. Client is fully responsible for the design risk Risks Lump sum contract will bring the cost risk to low risk as same information given by client. As for fixed contract date, the contractor might have the right to claim for extensions due to design or contraction issues, therefore it is medium time risk. As design quality control by clients consultant based on clients requirement, therefore it reduces design risk to low design quality risk. In conclusion, traditional approach is suitable for inexperienced clients or occasional construction clients and project without critical time requirements. It is not suitable for some large and complex project which requires advanced management systems, structures and skills. 3.4.2 Analysis of design and build procurement route The design and construction is undertaken by a single contractor for a lump sum contract, which allows overlapping. Design is not fully develop by contractor before the contract is awarded. Advantages Single contact point due to contractor is responsible on design and construction. Early start and shorter project duration due to design and construction is overlapping. Client can control project cost due to lump sum basis. Disadvantages Tender need to be awarded before design fully complete. Client has the difficulty to prepare the adequate brief. After the tender has been awarded, changing of design can be expensive for the client. Risks Lump sum contract will reduce the cost risk to low risk. Design and construction can be overlapping; therefore it is a low time risk. Design and build contractor is responsible for the design, if clients design requirement is not clearly indicated, then maybe it is a high risk for design quality. Therefore Design and build approach is suitable for all clients including inexperienced or client requiring cost certainty and fast track projects. Not suitable for complex or high quality buildings. 3.4.3 Analysis of construction management procurement route Construction Management, in which the design is developed by the Employers consultants and construction commences before the design is complete. A fee-earning consulting Construction Manager works for the Employer to define and manage several Works Packages, each representing a specialised or functional aspect of the project. Advantages Shorter overall project duration Clarity of roles, risks and relationships for all participants Client requires late design change easily due to contact awarded by different package Disadvantages Client doesnt have control on cost. Need a good quality project team to manage the project. Needs effective control of time and information. Risks Actual cost will only be known until the last package is awarded, so cost risk is medium. Because job is awarded by individual package, so does not has the main organisation to overall control the construction time. Therefore time risk is considering as medium risk. Project done by individual specialist contractors to reduce the design risk to low risk. Construction Management approach is suitable for experienced clients, fast track projects, complex building and not suitable for project requiring cost certainty. 3.4.4 Analysis of management contracting procurement route Management Contracting, in which the design is developed by the Employers consultants and construction commences before the design is complete. A Management Contractor is appointed early to let elements of work progressively as a series of trade or package contracts (called works packages). As with Construction Management, the final cost can only be determined when the last packaged has been let. Advantages Overall project duration shorter Client requires late design change easily due to contact awarded by different package Work packages let competitively Disadvantages Poor cost certainty, client will only know the final price till the last package been awarded. Need a good quality project team to manage the project Need a good quality brief to every works contractor, if not the case, contractor may not make client requirement. Risks Actual cost will only be known till the last package is awarded, so cost risk is medium. The total construction duration is a consequence of package selection. Therefore time risk is considering as medium risk. Project done by individual specialist contractors to reduce the design risk to low risk. Management contracting approach is suitable for experienced clients, fast track projects, complex building, and fairly large project. It is not suitable for project requiring cost certainty. Conclusion No procurement route is best suited in all circumstances. We can only base on the key elements and to select a most suitable procurement route. Time within planned schedule, cost certainty and quality of the building are the key elements we need to consider in this project. Both traditional and design and build can achieve clients objective of cost certainty. Management contracting, construction management and design and build can achieve clients objective of time within planned schedule. Management contracting, construction management and traditional can achieve clients objective of quality of building. Based on above analysis, out of 3 key elements we only can choose two most important elements as following:- Cost is the first consideration. Both management contracting and construction management procurement routes, the cost can only be known till the last package is awarded. But due to client concerns for cost overrun, they want to know the cost before project start. So both routes are not recommended. Time is the second consideration. Hotel must be re-opened on 1st April 2015. As only 12 months is given for phase 1 construction and the opening before the tourist season has a great impact on the hotel business, therefore traditional is not suitable for fast track construction. Design and build is well suited to warrant maximum price contracts and design and construction overlapping. This will involve considering return on capital investment, the likely benefits to operational efficiency or income flow. So we are not considering using traditional in this project. Quality of the building is the third consideration. It is generally felt in the construction industry that quality is the first thing to suffer in design and build contracts. However, the evidence does not support this. Quality of the building is the result of how we management the construction process. There is no correlation between procurement method and perceived quality of the product. After consideration, we will recommend design and build procurement route for this project. The appointed contractor is responsible for the design, documentation and construction of the project, based on the client project brief and requirements through lump sum cost. So the speed of construction is faster and the client will know the costs of the project earlier. Whether the quality of building can be achieved, it is depending on how well our project requirements have been defined and delivered. Project manager will be responsible for co-ordinated design and construction programme. This may considerably reduce revisions after contract award and minimise possible interferences. All team members must build up well communication channels, to solve the problem as soon as possible when construction is going on. Referencing John Murdoch and Will Hughes (2008), Construction Contract Law and Management, Fourth edition School of the Built Environment  © Herriot Watt University (2012), Procurement Contracts Task 2 Option A Discuss the liability of Alexander Contractors to the Employer for the additional costs that the Employer had to incur as a consequence of being required to employ a more expensive tenderer to carry out the construction project. Discuss the Clerk of Works power to issue a Direction as detailed in the given scenario and its implications on the loss and expenses incurred by the Contractor. Detail the possible claims with respect to the given scenario, the main facts that can be included in the claims and the contractual provisions available to substantiate the claims according to the JCT Standard Building Contract With Quantities 2005 Edition (JCT SBC05) Revision 2 2009. If you were the Contract Administrator prepare a report outlining your assessment of the Contractors claim including the process you have followed, the pertinent issues of the dispute and the contractual provisions relevant.

Weight Training Exam :: essays research papers

Weight Training Exam 1.)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Weight training increases a person metabolic rate. 2.)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A consistent weight training routine can reduce your cholesterol level. 3.)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A.) Type I = High aerobic capacity, small in size, fatigue resistant,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Type Ia = Medium aerobic capacity, large in size, fatigable, Type IIb = Low aerobic capacity, large in size, most fatigable 4.) Dynamic contraction (ex. When extending the knee, hip and ankle joints when performing a vertical jump. Eccentric contraction (ex. lowering a weight from the flexed position.) Isometric contraction – (ex. Pushing against an unmovable object.) 5.) The requirements for a effective weight training device are 4 fold.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  i.) The device must provide tension within the muscles.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ii.) The device must allow the muscles to be worked through there natural range of motion.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  iii.) It must make i and ii VERY safe.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  iv.) Should be adjustable in the magnitude of resistance it provides. 6.) When one increases in strength, their endurance increases as well. 7.) The myth is that â€Å"multiple sets of an exercise are superior to a single set for increasing muscle strength and size. 8.) The four key elements in a well designed training program are as follows†¦   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  - The Repetition: the best reps include raising and lowering of a resistance.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  - The Resistance: The key is to use resistance to demand development of muscular strength by the creation of tension within a muscle or group of muscles that is greater than the typical demand.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  - Total Body Training: All of the major muscle groups of the body should be trained each time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  - Balance: Am adequate amount of tension should be developed on both sides of a joint so that the joint functions properly and is not prone to misalignment or slipping. 9.) Five guidelines for an appropriate training program. i.)Train using a full range of motion.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ii.) Eliminate fast, jerky movements while raising the weight.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  iii.) Emphasize the lowering of the weight.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  iv.) Reach momentary muscular failure/fatigue in the prescribed number of repetitions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  v.) Train under supervision and/or with a partner. 10.) HIT or High Intensity Training is extreme effort while incorporating only one work set per exercise with minimum work sets per body part per work-out. 11.) First, to decrease injury potential, and second to increase performance potential. 12.) Vocabulary Definitions: a.)Intensity – The relative stress level that the exercise stimulates places at the approximate systems. b.) Progression – The rate at which you lift more over â€Å"x† amount of time.